linux-shell-文件处理
监测磁盘空间
挂载存储媒体–mount
Linux系统将所有的磁盘都并入一个虚拟目录下; 使用新的存储媒体之前,需要把它放到虚拟目录下,这项工作称为挂载(mounting);
mount命令会输出当前系统上挂载的设备列表:
mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=496992k,nr_inodes=124248,mode=755)
securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755)
tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)
手动将U盘挂载到文件系统:
mount -t vfat /dev/sdb1 /media/disk
help
mount - mount a filesystem
mount [-lhV]
mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-O optlist]
mount [-fnrsvw] [-o option[,option]…] device | dir |
mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir
All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. The mount command serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, the umount(8) command will detach it again.
The standard form of the mount command, is
mount -t type device dir
Usage:
mount [-lhV]
mount -a [options]
mount [options] [--source] <source> | [--target] <directory>
mount [options] <source> <directory>
mount <operation> <mountpoint> [<target>]
Options:
-a, --all mount all filesystems mentioned in fstab
-c, --no-canonicalize don't canonicalize paths
-f, --fake dry run; skip the mount(2) syscall
-F, --fork fork off for each device (use with -a)
-T, --fstab <path> alternative file to /etc/fstab
-h, --help display this help text and exit
-i, --internal-only don't call the mount.<type> helpers
-l, --show-labels lists all mounts with LABELs
-n, --no-mtab don't write to /etc/mtab
-o, --options <list> comma-separated list of mount options
-O, --test-opts <list> limit the set of filesystems (use with -a)
-r, --read-only mount the filesystem read-only (same as -o ro)
-t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystem types
--source <src> explicitly specifies source (path, label, uuid)
--target <target> explicitly specifies mountpoint
-v, --verbose say what is being done
-V, --version display version information and exit
-w, --rw, --read-write mount the filesystem read-write (default)
-h, --help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
Source:
-L, --label <label> synonym for LABEL=<label>
-U, --uuid <uuid> synonym for UUID=<uuid>
LABEL=<label> specifies device by filesystem label
UUID=<uuid> specifies device by filesystem UUID
PARTLABEL=<label> specifies device by partition label
PARTUUID=<uuid> specifies device by partition UUID
<device> specifies device by path
<directory> mountpoint for bind mounts (see --bind/rbind)
<file> regular file for loopdev setup
Operations:
-B, --bind mount a subtree somewhere else (same as -o bind)
-M, --move move a subtree to some other place
-R, --rbind mount a subtree and all submounts somewhere else
--make-shared mark a subtree as shared
--make-slave mark a subtree as slave
--make-private mark a subtree as private
--make-unbindable mark a subtree as unbindable
--make-rshared recursively mark a whole subtree as shared
--make-rslave recursively mark a whole subtree as slave
--make-rprivate recursively mark a whole subtree as private
--make-runbindable recursively mark a whole subtree as unbindable
For more details see mount(8).
umount
从Linux系统上移除一个可移动设备时,不能直接从系统移除,而应该先卸载;
umount [directory | device] |
Usage:
umount [-hV]
umount -a [options]
umount [options] <source> | <directory>
Options:
-a, --all unmount all filesystems
-A, --all-targets unmount all mountpoins for the given device
in the current namespace
-c, --no-canonicalize don't canonicalize paths
-d, --detach-loop if mounted loop device, also free this loop device
--fake dry run; skip the umount(2) syscall
-f, --force force unmount (in case of an unreachable NFS system)
-i, --internal-only don't call the umount.<type> helpers
-n, --no-mtab don't write to /etc/mtab
-l, --lazy detach the filesystem now, and cleanup all later
-O, --test-opts <list> limit the set of filesystems (use with -a)
-R, --recursive recursively unmount a target with all its children
-r, --read-only In case unmounting fails, try to remount read-only
-t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystem types
-v, --verbose say what is being done
-h, --help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
For more details see umount(8).
df
df - report file system disk space usage
DESCRIPTION:
This manual page documents the GNU version of df. df displays the amount of disk space available on the file system containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted file systems is shown. Disk space is shown in 1K blocks by default, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used.
If an argument is the absolute file name of a disk device node containing a mounted file system, df shows the space available on that file system rather than on the file system containing the device node. This version of df cannot show the space available on unmounted file systems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires very nonportable intimate knowledge of file system structures.
OPTIONS:
Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
查看所有已挂载磁盘的使用情况
df -h
df —max-depth=1 -h
du -sh
-h: 输出格式化,易于阅读
df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 40G 11G 27G 29% /
devtmpfs 486M 0 486M 0% /dev
tmpfs 496M 0 496M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 496M 1.3M 495M 1% /run
tmpfs 496M 0 496M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 100M 0 100M 0% /run/user/0
help
df --help
Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides,
or all file systems by default.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all include pseudo, duplicate, inaccessible file systems
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
--direct show statistics for a file instead of mount point
--total produce a grand total
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-l, --local limit listing to local file systems
--no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default)
--output[=FIELD_LIST] use the output format defined by FIELD_LIST,
or print all fields if FIELD_LIST is omitted.
-P, --portability use the POSIX output format
--sync invoke sync before getting usage info
-t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE
-T, --print-type print file system type
-x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE
-v (ignored)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Units
are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
FIELD_LIST is a comma-separated list of columns to be included. Valid
field names are: 'source', 'fstype', 'itotal', 'iused', 'iavail', 'ipcent',
'size', 'used', 'avail', 'pcent', 'file' and 'target' (see info page).
GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'df invocation'
du
du - estimate file space usage
SYNOPSIS:
du [OPTION]… [FILE]… du [OPTION]… –files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
显示某个特定目录的磁盘使用情况;
用来快速判断系统上某个目录下是不是有超大文件;
-c:显示所有已列出文件总的大小;
-
h:按用户易读的格式输出大小;
-
s:显示每个输出参数的总计;
help
du --help
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
-b, --bytes equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total
-D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
command line
-d, --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the
NUL-terminated file names specified in file F;
if F is -, then read names from standard input
-H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--inodes list inode usage information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links
-l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked
-m like --block-size=1M
-P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)
-S, --separate-dirs for directories do not include size of subdirectories
--si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-s, --summarize display only a total for each argument
-t, --threshold=SIZE exclude entries smaller than SIZE if positive,
or entries greater than SIZE if negative
--time show time of the last modification of any file in the
directory, or any of its subdirectories
--time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time:
atime, access, use, ctime or status
--time-style=STYLE show times using STYLE, which can be:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, or +FORMAT;
FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN
-x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DU_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Units
are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'du invocation'
文件
压缩文件
gzip
gzip是GNU项目的产物,意在编写一个能够替代原先Unix中compress工具的免费版本;
gzip:用来压缩文件
gzcat:查看压缩过的文本文件的内容;
gunzip:解压文件
gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files
gzip [ -acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name … ] gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name … ] zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name … ]
Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times. (The default extension is -gz for VMS, z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT, Windows NT FAT and Atari.) If no files are spec‐ ified, or if a file name is “-“, the standard input is compressed to the standard output. Gzip will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will ignore symbolic links.
help
gzip --help
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
-d, --decompress decompress
-f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
-h, --help give this help
-l, --list list compressed file contents
-L, --license display software license
-n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
-N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
-q, --quiet suppress all warnings
-r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
-S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
-t, --test test compressed file integrity
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version display version number
-1, --fast compress faster
-9, --best compress better
--rsyncable Make rsync-friendly archive
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
归档文件
创建一个归档文件:
tar -cvf test.tar test/ test1/
列出tar文件内容:
$tar -tf test.tar
test/
test1/
提取内容:
tar -xvf test.tar
.tgz文件的解压:
tar -zxvf test.tgz
DESCRIPTION
GNU `tar’ saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can restore individual files from the archive.
Note that this manual page contains just very brief description (or more like a list of possible functionality) originally generated by the help2man utility. The full documentation for tar is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and tar programs are properly installed at your site, the command `info tar’ should give you access to the complete manual.
Usage EXAMPLES
tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar.
help
tar --help
Usage: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]...
GNU `tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can
restore individual files from the archive.
Examples:
tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar.
Main operation mode:
-A, --catenate, --concatenate append tar files to an archive
-c, --create create a new archive
-d, --diff, --compare find differences between archive and file system
--delete delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!)
-r, --append append files to the end of an archive
-t, --list list the contents of an archive
--test-label test the archive volume label and exit
-u, --update only append files newer than copy in archive
-x, --extract, --get extract files from an archive
Operation modifiers:
--check-device check device numbers when creating incremental
archives (default)
-g, --listed-incremental=FILE handle new GNU-format incremental backup
-G, --incremental handle old GNU-format incremental backup
--ignore-failed-read do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files
--level=NUMBER dump level for created listed-incremental archive
-n, --seek archive is seekable
--no-check-device do not check device numbers when creating
incremental archives
--no-seek archive is not seekable
--occurrence[=NUMBER] process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file
in the archive; this option is valid only in
conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete,
--diff, --extract or --list and when a list of
files is given either on the command line or via
the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1
--sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
set version of the sparse format to use (implies
--sparse)
-S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently
Overwrite control:
-k, --keep-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting,
treat them as errors
--keep-directory-symlink preserve existing symlinks to directories when
extracting
--keep-newer-files don't replace existing files that are newer than
their archive copies
--no-overwrite-dir preserve metadata of existing directories
--overwrite overwrite existing files when extracting
--overwrite-dir overwrite metadata of existing directories when
extracting (default)
--recursive-unlink empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory
--remove-files remove files after adding them to the archive
--skip-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting,
silently skip over them
-U, --unlink-first remove each file prior to extracting over it
-W, --verify attempt to verify the archive after writing it
Select output stream:
--ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children
--no-ignore-command-error treat non-zero exit codes of children as
error
-O, --to-stdout extract files to standard output
--to-command=COMMAND pipe extracted files to another program
Handling of file attributes:
--atime-preserve[=METHOD] preserve access times on dumped files, either
by restoring the times after reading
(METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the
times in the first place (METHOD='system')
--delay-directory-restore delay setting modification times and
permissions of extracted directories until the end
of extraction
--group=NAME force NAME as group for added files
--mode=CHANGES force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files
--mtime=DATE-OR-FILE set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE
-m, --touch don't extract file modified time
--no-delay-directory-restore
cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore
option
--no-same-owner extract files as yourself (default for ordinary
users)
--no-same-permissions apply the user's umask when extracting permissions
from the archive (default for ordinary users)
--numeric-owner always use numbers for user/group names
--owner=NAME force NAME as owner for added files
-p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions
extract information about file permissions
(default for superuser)
--preserve same as both -p and -s
--same-owner try extracting files with the same ownership as
exists in the archive (default for superuser)
-s, --preserve-order, --same-order
member arguments are listed in the same order as
the files in the archive
Handling of extended file attributes:
--acls Enable the POSIX ACLs support
--no-acls Disable the POSIX ACLs support
--no-selinux Disable the SELinux context support
--no-xattrs Disable extended attributes support
--selinux Enable the SELinux context support
--xattrs Enable extended attributes support
--xattrs-exclude=MASK specify the exclude pattern for xattr keys
--xattrs-include=MASK specify the include pattern for xattr keys
Device selection and switching:
-f, --file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE
--force-local archive file is local even if it has a colon
-F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME
run script at end of each tape (implies -M)
-L, --tape-length=NUMBER change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes
-M, --multi-volume create/list/extract multi-volume archive
--rmt-command=COMMAND use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt
--rsh-command=COMMAND use remote COMMAND instead of rsh
--volno-file=FILE use/update the volume number in FILE
Device blocking:
-b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record
-B, --read-full-records reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes)
-i, --ignore-zeros ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF)
--record-size=NUMBER NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512
Archive format selection:
-H, --format=FORMAT create archive of the given format
FORMAT is one of the following:
gnu GNU tar 1.13.x format
oldgnu GNU format as per tar <= 1.12
pax POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format
posix same as pax
ustar POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format
v7 old V7 tar format
--old-archive, --portability
same as --format=v7
--pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...
control pax keywords
--posix same as --format=posix
-V, --label=TEXT create archive with volume name TEXT; at
list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern
for volume name
Compression options:
-a, --auto-compress use archive suffix to determine the compression
program
-I, --use-compress-program=PROG
filter through PROG (must accept -d)
-j, --bzip2 filter the archive through bzip2
-J, --xz filter the archive through xz
--lzip filter the archive through lzip
--lzma filter the archive through lzma
--lzop
--no-auto-compress do not use archive suffix to determine the
compression program
-z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip
-Z, --compress, --uncompress filter the archive through compress
Local file selection:
--add-file=FILE add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name
starts with a dash)
--backup[=CONTROL] backup before removal, choose version CONTROL
-C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files, given as a PATTERN
--exclude-backups exclude backup and lock files
--exclude-caches exclude contents of directories containing
CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself
--exclude-caches-all exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG
--exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing
CACHEDIR.TAG
--exclude-tag=FILE exclude contents of directories containing FILE,
except for FILE itself
--exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE
--exclude-tag-under=FILE exclude everything under directories
containing FILE
--exclude-vcs exclude version control system directories
-h, --dereference follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they
point to
--hard-dereference follow hard links; archive and dump the files they
refer to
-K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME
begin at member MEMBER-NAME when reading the
archive
--newer-mtime=DATE compare date and time when data changed only
--no-null disable the effect of the previous --null option
--no-recursion avoid descending automatically in directories
--no-unquote do not unquote filenames read with -T
--null -T reads null-terminated names, disable -C
-N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE
only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE
--one-file-system stay in local file system when creating archive
-P, --absolute-names don't strip leading `/'s from file names
--recursion recurse into directories (default)
--suffix=STRING backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~'
unless overridden by environment variable
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)
-T, --files-from=FILE get names to extract or create from FILE
--unquote unquote filenames read with -T (default)
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude patterns listed in FILE
File name transformations:
--strip-components=NUMBER strip NUMBER leading components from file
names on extraction
--transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION
use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file
names
File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):
--anchored patterns match file name start
--ignore-case ignore case
--no-anchored patterns match after any `/' (default for
exclusion)
--no-ignore-case case sensitive matching (default)
--no-wildcards verbatim string matching
--no-wildcards-match-slash wildcards do not match `/'
--wildcards use wildcards (default)
--wildcards-match-slash wildcards match `/' (default for exclusion)
Informative output:
--checkpoint[=NUMBER] display progress messages every NUMBERth record
(default 10)
--checkpoint-action=ACTION execute ACTION on each checkpoint
--full-time print file time to its full resolution
--index-file=FILE send verbose output to FILE
-l, --check-links print a message if not all links are dumped
--no-quote-chars=STRING disable quoting for characters from STRING
--quote-chars=STRING additionally quote characters from STRING
--quoting-style=STYLE set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE
values
-R, --block-number show block number within archive with each message
--show-defaults show tar defaults
--show-omitted-dirs when listing or extracting, list each directory
that does not match search criteria
--show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names
show file or archive names after transformation
--totals[=SIGNAL] print total bytes after processing the archive;
with an argument - print total bytes when this
SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP,
SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names
without SIG prefix are also accepted
--utc print file modification times in UTC
-v, --verbose verbosely list files processed
--warning=KEYWORD warning control
-w, --interactive, --confirmation
ask for confirmation for every action
Compatibility options:
-o when creating, same as --old-archive; when
extracting, same as --no-same-owner
Other options:
-?, --help give this help list
--restrict disable use of some potentially harmful options
--usage give a short usage message
--version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control may be set with --backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are:
none, off never make backups
t, numbered make numbered backups
nil, existing numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
never, simple always make simple backups
Valid arguments for the --quoting-style option are:
literal
shell
shell-always
c
c-maybe
escape
locale
clocale
*This* tar defaults to:
--format=gnu -f- -b20 --quoting-style=escape --rmt-command=/etc/rmt
--rsh-command=/usr/bin/ssh
Report bugs to <bug-tar@gnu.org>.
查找–find
search for files in a directory hierarchy
find命令用来在指定目录下查找文件。任何位于参数之前的字符串都将被视为欲查找的目录名。
如果使用该命令时,不设置任何参数,则find命令将在当前目录下查找子目录与文件。
并且将查找到的子目录和文件全部进行显示。
语法
find(选项)(参数)
Usage Examples
Basic usage
在/home目录下查找以.txt结尾的文件名
find /home -name "*.txt"
忽略大小写:
find /home -iname "*.txt"
Find Files by Modification TimePermalink
find / -name "*conf" -mtime -7
find /home/exampleuser/ -name "*conf" -mtime -3
Use Grep to Find Files Based on Content
find . -type f -exec grep "example" '{}' \; -print
How to Find and Process Files Using the Find Command
find . -name "rc.conf" -exec chmod o+r '{}' \;
How to Find and Delete Files in the Linux Command Line
find . -name "*.bak" -delete
help
find --help
Usage: find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-Olevel] [-D help|tree|search|stat|rates|opt|exec] [path...] [expression]
default path is the current directory; default expression is -print
expression may consist of: operators, options, tests, and actions:
operators (decreasing precedence; -and is implicit where no others are given):
( EXPR ) ! EXPR -not EXPR EXPR1 -a EXPR2 EXPR1 -and EXPR2
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 EXPR1 -or EXPR2 EXPR1 , EXPR2
positional options (always true): -daystart -follow -regextype
normal options (always true, specified before other expressions):
-depth --help -maxdepth LEVELS -mindepth LEVELS -mount -noleaf
--version -xautofs -xdev -ignore_readdir_race -noignore_readdir_race
tests (N can be +N or -N or N): -amin N -anewer FILE -atime N -cmin N
-cnewer FILE -ctime N -empty -false -fstype TYPE -gid N -group NAME
-ilname PATTERN -iname PATTERN -inum N -iwholename PATTERN -iregex PATTERN
-links N -lname PATTERN -mmin N -mtime N -name PATTERN -newer FILE
-nouser -nogroup -path PATTERN -perm [-/]MODE -regex PATTERN
-readable -writable -executable
-wholename PATTERN -size N[bcwkMG] -true -type [bcdpflsD] -uid N
-used N -user NAME -xtype [bcdpfls]
-context CONTEXT
actions: -delete -print0 -printf FORMAT -fprintf FILE FORMAT -print
-fprint0 FILE -fprint FILE -ls -fls FILE -prune -quit
-exec COMMAND ; -exec COMMAND {} + -ok COMMAND ;
-execdir COMMAND ; -execdir COMMAND {} + -okdir COMMAND ;
Report (and track progress on fixing) bugs via the findutils bug-reporting
page at http://savannah.gnu.org/ or, if you have no web access, by sending
email to <bug-findutils@gnu.org>.
文件传输scp
功能
scp 可以在 2个 linux 主机间复制文件;
命令基本格式
scp [可选参数] file_source file_target
实例
从本地复制到远程
-
复制文件: * 命令格式: scp local_file remote_username@remote_ip:remote_folder 或者 scp local_file remote_username@remote_ip:remote_file 或者 scp local_file remote_ip:remote_folder 或者 scp local_file remote_ip:remote_file
-
复制目录: * 命令格式: scp -r local_folder remote_username@remote_ip:remote_folder 或者 scp -r local_folder remote_ip:remote_folder
获取远程服务器上的文件
scp -P 2222 root@remote_ip:/root/lnmp0.4.tar.gz /home/lnmp0.4.tar.gz scp -P 2222 -r root@remote_ip:/root/lnmp0.4/ /home/lnmp0.4/
无密传输
方法一:公钥传输
在机器Client的root和机器Server的root之间建立安全信任关系的步骤:
- 在机器Client上root用户执行ssh-keygen命令,生成建立安全信任关系的证书。
[root@Client root]# ssh-keygen -b 1024 -t rsa
- 将公钥证书id_rsa.pub复制到机器Server的root家目录的.ssh子目录中,同时将文件名更换为authorized_keys。
[root@Client root]# scp -p .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.3.206:/root/.ssh/authorized_keys root@192.168.3.206's password: <-- 输入机器Server的root用户密码 id_rsa.pub 100% |**************************| 218 00:00 [root@Client root]#
在执行上述命令时,两台机器的root用户之间还未建立安全信任关系,所以还需要输入机器Server的root用户密码。 经过以上2步,就在机器Client的root和机器Server的root之间建立安全信任关系。
使用sshpass工具来自动输入密码
在有些场景下(比如远端的authorized_keys是不能随意更改的),那么这个时候我们就可以借助sshpass这个第三方工具来完成ssh连接时的密码输入。先看一下sshpass的man手册中是如何描述的:
sshpass - noninteractive ssh password provider
从描述上就可以清晰的了解到,sshpass的设计就是为了使用非交互的场景下输入ssh连接的密码。
sshpass的使用比较简单,先看一下帮助文档:
sshpass
Usage: sshpass [-f|-d|-p|-e] [-hV] command parameters
-f filename Take password to use from file
-d number Use number as file descriptor for getting password
-p password Provide password as argument (security unwise)
-e Password is passed as env-var "SSHPASS"
With no parameters - password will be taken from stdin
-h Show help (this screen)
-V Print version information
At most one of -f, -d, -p or -e should be used
其中-p是直接指定密码,-f是从文件中读取密码。那么一个使用sshpass的简单例子就是:
sshpass -p xxxxx scp a.txt xxxxx@192.168.1.1:/tmp/a.txt
使用sshpass的好处就是方便直接,无需了解公私钥、加密认证等相关知识,简单易懂;但是使用sshpass最大的坏处就是再使用时会涉及到明文密码,大大降低了安全性。
refs
https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/find.1.html
https://www.linode.com/docs/tools-reference/tools/find-files-in-linux-using-the-command-line/
https://explainshell.com/explain/1/find#